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An important limitation of our study is that we did not review the validity of the patents covering our cohort of drugs

Wiener BG, Gnirke M, Vassallo S, Smith SW, Su MK

Nevertheless, a significant delay in gastric emptying persisted after the second meal.73 In 2014, the FDA approved daily liraglutide and weekly semaglutide for pharmacological treatment in patients with a body mass index (BMI) exceeding 30 or greater than 27 in the presence of comorbidities, such as T2DM, hypertension, or obstructive sleep apnea.74 In Australia, liraglutide is approved for weight reduction, whereas semaglutide and dulaglutide are used off-label for obesity management.75 GLP-1 and GIP receptors expressed in the hypothalamus and brainstem nuclei regulate appetite, satiety, and energy balance.55 GLP-1 receptors are also present in the hippocampus, neocortex, spinal cord, and cerebellum.58 GLP-1RAs therapy has been associated with significantly greater weight loss in non-diabetic patients than in diabetic patients.74 For instance, in the Strategy of Blood Pressure Intervention in the Elderly Hypertensive Patients (STEP) trial, weekly semaglutide administration resulted in a mean body weight reduction of 14.9% from baseline among overweight or obese non-diabetic individuals,76 a magnitude of weight loss previously observed only following bariatric surgery

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