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GSDMD activation relies on inflammasome formation, triggering inflammatory caspases ( 1, 4, 5, 11)

With a candidate nozzle protein identified, we next attempted to visualize PilQ at the sites of slime secretion in situ

doi: 10.1155/2021/9830200 429 ZhouLDingCWuJChenXNgDMWangHet al

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acnes can stimulate adaptive immune responses by inducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Moreno-Arrones and Boixeda, 2016), such as IFN- and IL-17A, from Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (Ozlu et al., 2016), activation of inflammasomes (Moreno-Arrones and Boixeda, 2016), induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (Hammam et al., 2020), and stimulation of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) activity (Harder et al., 2013)